Menstrual disorders refer to a range of abnormalities in the menstrual cycle, including irregular periods, heavy or prolonged bleeding (menorrhagia), painful menstruation (dysmenorrhea), absent periods (amenorrhea), and spotting between cycles. These disorders can result from hormonal imbalances, uterine conditions, stress, lifestyle factors, or underlying medical issues. Proper diagnosis through history, examination, and investigations is essential to identify the cause and provide appropriate treatment, improving a woman’s reproductive health and quality of life.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), also known as Polycystic Ovary Disease (PCOD), is a common hormonal disorder affecting women of reproductive age. It is characterized by irregular menstrual cycles, enlarged ovaries with multiple cysts, excess androgen levels leading to symptoms like acne and excessive hair growth, and often insulin resistance. PCOS can cause challenges with fertility, weight management, and metabolic health. Management includes lifestyle modifications, hormonal therapies, and addressing specific symptoms to improve overall health and fertility outcomes.
Endometriosis is a chronic condition where tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus, commonly on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and pelvic lining. This can cause pelvic pain, painful periods, heavy bleeding, and infertility. Diagnosis is typically confirmed through imaging or laparoscopy. Treatment options include pain management, hormonal therapies, and surgical removal of endometrial tissue to alleviate symptoms and improve fertility. Early diagnosis and management are important to enhance quality of life.
Fibroids, also known as uterine leiomyomas, are non-cancerous growths that develop within the muscular wall of the uterus. They are common in women of reproductive age and may cause symptoms such as heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, pressure effects on the bladder or bowel, and fertility issues. Diagnosis is usually made through ultrasound imaging. Treatment depends on the size, location, symptoms, and reproductive plans, ranging from medical management to surgical options like myomectomy or, in some cases, hysterectomy.
Premenstrual symptoms (PMS) refer to a range of physical, emotional, and behavioral changes that occur in the days leading up to a woman’s menstrual period. Common symptoms include mood swings, irritability, bloating, breast tenderness, fatigue, headaches, and food cravings. These symptoms typically resolve after menstruation begins. Management includes lifestyle modifications such as regular exercise, a balanced diet, stress reduction, and adequate sleep. In more severe cases, treatment may involve hormonal contraceptives, antidepressants, or other medications to relieve specific symptoms. Early evaluation and personalized care can greatly improve quality of life.
Adenomyosis is a condition where the inner lining of the uterus (endometrium) grows into the muscular wall (myometrium), causing the uterus to become enlarged and tender. It often results in heavy, painful menstrual bleeding and chronic pelvic pain. Diagnosis is typically made through imaging like ultrasound or MRI. Treatment options include pain management, hormonal therapies, and in severe cases, surgical interventions to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.
Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI) is the involuntary leakage of urine during activities that increase abdominal pressure, such as coughing, sneezing, laughing, or exercise. It is commonly caused by weakened pelvic floor muscles or sphincter dysfunction, often resulting from childbirth, aging, or surgery. Management includes pelvic floor muscle exercises (Kegels), lifestyle changes, physical therapy, and in some cases, surgical interventions to restore continence and improve quality of life.
An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac that develops on or within an ovary. Most ovarian cysts are benign and often resolve on their own without treatment. They can sometimes cause symptoms such as pelvic pain, bloating, or irregular menstruation if they grow large or rupture. Diagnosis is typically made through pelvic ultrasound. Treatment depends on the cyst’s size, type, and symptoms, ranging from watchful waiting to surgical removal in cases of persistent, large, or symptomatic cysts.
An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac that develops on or within an ovary. Most ovarian cysts are benign and often resolve on their own without treatment. They can sometimes cause symptoms such as pelvic pain, bloating, or irregular menstruation if they grow large or rupture. Diagnosis is typically made through pelvic ultrasound. Treatment depends on the cyst’s size, type, and symptoms, ranging from watchful waiting to surgical removal in cases of persistent, large, or symptomatic cysts.
Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) treatment involves accurate diagnosis followed by appropriate medical management to eliminate the infection, relieve symptoms, and prevent complications. Treatment varies depending on the specific infection—bacterial STDs like chlamydia and gonorrhea are treated with antibiotics, while viral infections such as herpes and HIV require antiviral medications. Counseling on safe sexual practices, partner notification, and regular follow-up are essential components to prevent transmission and ensure effective care.
